Features of child development at 2 years old
At this age, the baby enjoys exploring the world around him, he wants to touch everything, taste it, and see what is inside. He already has good control over his body and can do some things on his own.
Physical development:
- the child learned to coordinate movements;
- large and fine motor skills are sufficiently developed;
- the movements are correct.
Self-care skills:
- eats and drinks himself;
- goes to the toilet and washes himself, washes his hands;
- can take off and put on clothes without assistance.
Intellectual development:
- vocabulary is actively replenished;
- enjoys communicating with other children and adults;
- feels a high need to study the world around him;
- drawing, dancing, music, singing.
What to do with your child for physical development
The simplest and most effective activity you can offer your child is all kinds of ball games. You can start by simply throwing a ball into the child’s hands, especially since this game is also suitable for a small apartment. During the lesson, grasping movements and the ability to quickly and accurately calculate each action are developed.
Another version of the game: sit on the floor opposite each other, spread your legs wide so that it looks like a goal. By rolling the ball back and forth along a certain trajectory, the child will learn to concentrate on his actions.
Another interesting ball game, of course, is edible-inedible. It is not only funny and liked by all kids without exception, but also perfectly develops reaction, because you need to quickly figure out whether the named item can be eaten or not, and make the right decision.
What else can you do with the ball?
- play football with alternating legs;
- throw it up;
- try to throw into the basket;
Overcoming all sorts of obstacles is also useful for physical development: for example, practicing on the wall bars, balance beam, and horizontal bar. Young children do not have a strong sense of danger, so they should exercise on sports equipment only under the supervision of their parents.
Developmental activities for children 2-3 years old
Educational home activities for children aged 2-3 years include modeling, appliqué, exercises for fine and gross motor skills, training logical and creative thinking. They are offered in a playful way so that the baby receives not only benefit from the process, but joy and pleasure.
Developmental activities to study the properties of objects. Developmental music classes
Gradually, it is worth telling your child about the properties of objects. Why the skill is useful: develops abstract thinking, fantasy, imagination. Teaches comparison, teaches how to use the senses (evaluate by touch, by sight).
How to teach in a playful way:
- Explain to the child what the property of an object is called;
- ask to sort items by properties.
What to play with:
- with fabric bags where you can put different fillings;
- with mosaics made of wood, plastic;
- with large cubes (Lego Hollow, pyramids, sorters, balls are suitable).
What properties and qualities should you tell your baby about:
- weight - heavy, light;
- colors;
- tactile sensations - hard, soft;
- warm, cold;
- size - large, small, wide, narrow;
- shape: round, triangular, square.
The development of musical ear and rhythm from an early age is very useful for the overall development of the baby. This enriches his inner world, accelerates the development of psycho-emotional connections, develops creative imagination, and improves mood.
Useful musical exercises:
- Play noise and children's musical instruments slowly and quickly, quietly and loudly.
- Listen and sing along to children's songs.
- Listen to classic melodies.
- Listen to everyday noises, tell your child about it: the grass rustles, leaves rustle, a car honks, birds sing, a cat meows.
- Dance. At a fast and slow pace. Lead round dances, dance and beat time with spoons, rattles, maracas.
- Ask the child to show a dancing animal or insect.
Developmental lessons in logic and mathematics
By the age of 2-3 years, it is worth teaching a child to compare many and few and compare the qualities of objects:
- We teach comparison. Place two piles of beans, grapes or buttons in front of your baby. First, show and explain where there is more and where there is less. Then change the quantity and ask the child to independently answer the question of which is more (make one pile much smaller than the other so that the baby does not get confused).
- We begin to teach the baby simple counting. Simple everyday educational activities with a 2-year-old child include saying the number of steps when you go for a walk with him, finger games with naming the number of fingers. We teach the baby to show his age on his fingers. Learning to count: 1. If there is interest, learn to count to five.
- Sorting objects is an excellent educational activity that trains mathematical and logical skills. Sort items by similarity of characteristics: ask them to arrange buttons by color or size (large ones in one pile, small ones in another). Buy a sorter for your baby, where shapes of a certain shape are inserted into large holes. This toy keeps children occupied for a long time and is very useful for their development.
Games for intellectual development
This group includes games aimed at improving fine motor skills and sensory perception. The way a child moves his fingers and arms is interconnected with the development of important brain centers, such as the centers of speech, vision, motor coordination, and thinking. What educational activities can you organize at home?
- Coloring large pictures and drawing with paints, crayons, pencils.
- Cutting out basic shapes from cardboard with scissors.
- Modeling from salt dough, plasticine, clay. Start with koloboks and sausages and gradually move on to more complex figures.
- Various applications made from paper, magazine pictures, cardboard.
- Games with small objects: beans, colored rice (color regular cereal with food coloring for eggs), buttons, shells, mini cars.
Let your child take apart a regular dresser drawer, just make sure all the items are safe first. Another simple game is to put beans or buttons into a plastic bottle with a narrow neck.
Don't ask your child to create a masterpiece right away. Always go from the simplest to the most complex and don’t put pressure on the child if he doesn’t succeed or is tired. Be sure to explain safety rules. Help him in the first lessons, over time he will learn to perform these actions on his own. Don't be stingy with praise, even if the house you painted doesn't look like a building. Set up a home exhibition and show your creations to other family members so that your child remembers the state of success.
"Kindergarten" laws
The right of a child to receive preschool education in Russia is guaranteed by the Law “On Education” (Articles 3, 10), and the basic principles of state policy in the field of education are noted:
- the right of everyone to receive education and non-discrimination; education should be free and accessible to all;
- the principle of humanism in education, taking into account the individual characteristics of all children;
- the principle of the value of human life and health, free and comprehensive development of the individual.
In domestic realities, it is advisable for young parents to study this document in detail in order to know their rights. Unfortunately, sometimes you have to defend the rights of the child and your own when communicating with representatives of the educational institution.
Why do we need a kindergarten?
Food for thought. A child spends from 3 to 8 hours in kindergarten. A three-year-old baby is under the supervision of teachers for a third of the day, and sleeps for another third. It turns out that the family and the kindergarten almost equally share responsibility for the development of the child.
The main goal of the preschool education system is the comprehensive development of the child from 0 to six or seven years of age and preparation for the next stage of education - primary school.
To do this, the temporary stay group (formerly the nursery group) and the kindergarten must by law:
- Create a comfortable environment and conditions for the timely neuropsychic and physical development of children.
- Develop speech, perception, attention, memory, thinking, imagination and emotional-volitional sphere.
Does kindergarten teach bad things? A child may “bring” swear words home from classmates, but only mom and dad are responsible for whether the child will use obscene language in the future. The culture of communication is instilled, first of all, through the family. What the child sees at home, he transmits to his peer group. Therefore, blame the kindergarten less and talk to your child more often about “good” behavior.
Depending on the age characteristics of the mental and physical development of children, groups are formed in preschool institutions. Each of them must have a teacher who knows and takes into account these features. Special educational standards and programs have been developed for each age category.
Teachers and educators are called upon not only to supervise children's games, but also to teach students communication and everyday skills. A lot in a little personality depends on the participation, opinion and culture of the teacher. It is the teacher who becomes the most significant adult, besides the mother, who influences:
- Adequacy of self-esteem;
- Social development;
- Moral and ethical ideas;
- Creative skills;
- Self-care skills;
- Study skills (perseverance, attentiveness, interest in learning).
This is not a complete list of the areas of responsibility of preschool teachers, and all this is within the framework of the law. However, you should not shift to the kindergarten those problems that can only be solved within the family.
Who is accepted into kindergartens?
Important document. You will find all the details of the answer to this question in Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 04/08/2014 N 293 “On approval of the Procedure for admission to training in educational programs of preschool education”
Each kindergarten is assigned certain addresses - a territory. If you and your child live with registration in this territory, then you have a priority right to secure a place in the group. If there are free places, admission is open throughout the year.
Groups of healthy children are formed by age. When there are problems, delays, or disharmonies in mental development, individual characteristics are also taken into account. But in any case, no one will assign a three-year-old child to the group of one-and-a-half-year-olds. Children with serious retardation will be offered a specialized kindergarten or group.
What documents are needed
To ensure that your child’s preparation for kindergarten is not delayed due to the legal side of the issue, study in advance the list of documents for admission to kindergarten:
- medical report (medical record);
- personal statement of one of the parents.
The medical record must contain mandatory studies and notes from medical examinations by specialists, a list of which is always available from the local doctor. Typically these include a dentist, neurologist, urologist-andrologist or gynecologist, surgeon, orthopedist, ophthalmologist and cardiologist, but individual kindergartens may have other requirements for medical examination.
If you have to change kindergarten, be sure to check with the administration of the institution. In any case, the kindergarten doctor must check the availability of vaccinations according to age. It is also necessary to present originals and provide copies of:
- mom's or dad's passport;
- child's birth certificate;
- information about the official registration of the child at the place of residence or place of stay.
Based on these documents, the preschool educational institution enters into an agreement with the parents, and within 3 working days the child must be enrolled in a group according to age. A two-year-old child will be assigned to a temporary stay group, and at three years old - to a full-time kindergarten.
Charitable contributions. Contributions for “roof repair”, “purchase of curtains and cabinets” are not mandatory, they are voluntary. Kindergartens are provided with everything they need from the budget. You are not obliged to make urgent payments, other than payment for services under the contract. You also should not buy something for the group if such a decision was not made at the parent meeting.
Why do you need to play in the sandbox?
The sandbox is not only a place where a child makes his first friends. For children, it is a powerful source of tactile sensations and creative opportunities that promote intellectual development.
- The construction of castles, tunnels and other structures awakens imagination.
- Baking Easter cakes and playing with molds help to better distinguish shapes and sizes.
- Interaction with other children develops communication skills and outlook.
- Fine grains of sand provide constant massage to the fingers and palms, which has a beneficial effect on the development of speech and sensory centers.
Upcoming purchases
Do not try to provide your child with a separate wardrobe for visiting the group. Ordinary household items are quite suitable. Moreover, when the number of children in a group is more than 12, even the most experienced nanny will miss the moment when borscht is turned over onto a new shirt, and felt-tip pens are tested on white tights.
The most necessary clothes
- light trousers for walking outside in summer (knees are protected);
- summer headdress;
- light socks (several pairs);
- comfortable sandals or sports shoes;
- warm overalls for winter walks;
- turtlenecks, sweaters, pullovers - depending on the climate;
- warm hat;
- warm socks;
- warm boots or boots according to the climate;
- shorts for the group (choose cotton products with soft elastic and without pockets);
- tights (several pairs);
- pajamas for quiet time (two per shift);
- long sleeve shirts;
- short sleeve shirts;
- T-shirt and trousers for sports activities, dancing and choreography;
- Czech shoes or dancing slippers (according to garden requirements);
It is better to avoid jeans and go to the garden every morning, depending on the season - in trousers or shorts with a soft belt and a cotton shirt.
The child should be comfortable dressing and undressing independently. An individual locker should contain a change of linen, a small towel, and in winter - spare mittens. Replaceable shoes - reliable, breathable, comfortable (not slippers or flip-flops!).
Dress uniform: usually it is enough to comply with the requirement “dark bottom, light top.” Shoes for events – closed leather. This attire will be needed 3-4 times a year on official occasions: September 1, Teacher's Day, Russian Flag Day, Constitution Day. Students of junior groups rarely participate in such events. Carnival costumes for matinees and additional accessories are at the discretion of the parents.
Advice. You should not prepare clothes long before the start of the school year. First, check the requirements for casual and dress uniforms directly with the institution. In addition, children from 2 to 6 years old grow very quickly and it is better to make purchases in size throughout the year.
“I myself!”
Allow your child to touch as many objects as possible, study their shape, size, surface quality, color, purpose. It is important for a child to accumulate as much knowledge as possible about the world around him and learn to apply it correctly. Involve your son or daughter in feasible household chores:
- sweep the floor - you can buy a small broom and dustpan;
- wash the dishes after yourself - it’s good if they are made of plastic;
- dress and undress, put clothes and toys in place;
- wash;
- wipe the table with a napkin, etc.
This will make him more independent, help him learn important self-care skills, and give you some free time.
Potty training difficulties
When your child turns two years old, potty training should begin actively. Some children start using the potty earlier, others later. There is no specific norm here. If you put in patience and effort, the result will definitely appear.
Tips for potty training parents:
- Accustoming should begin at about a year, maximum at one and a half years. However, results are most often achieved by two to two and a half years. When teaching your child, avoid pressure, be friendly.
- The potty should be placed in a convenient place accessible to the baby.
- At home, take off your baby's diapers. At first he will make puddles all over the house, but soon he will understand where they need to be made.
- Place your child on the potty when his desire to go to the toilet is clearly noticeable. If the child is busy playing, and you tear him off and forcefully put him on the potty, training may be significantly delayed.
- Transformable pots have appeared on sale. The child can first use it like a regular potty, and then sit on a potty attached to the toilet.
How to develop speech?
Be sure to tell your child fairy tales and learn simple nursery rhymes and songs together. Children's works, as a rule, have a short, memorable plot, and you can easily perform a mini-play based on them. For example, while reading the same “Teddy Bear,” you can repeat the movements of the furry hero yourself or with the help of your favorite toy.
Be sure to pronounce words clearly, because the child learns to pronounce them based on the sound sample you provide. If he pronounces a word incorrectly, immediately give the correct example.
Communicate with your child. Ask him how he is doing, what interesting things he saw on the street, which paw hurts his favorite bunny, etc. In this regard, role-playing games are very useful, since in them the child learns to correctly use phrases and clichés heard in a similar situation.
What to do if your child is not interested
The attention of a two-year-old child is fickle and distracted. He can focus only on those activities that truly captivate him. Children's educational activities for toddlers can become more interesting if you invite friends to participate.
You can do attention training, for example, look for differences in pictures, find objects in pictures, or remember the sequence of objects on the street. So little by little the baby will learn to be more attentive and patient.
List of sources
1. Mental development of a child from 1 year to 3 years, Psychology
Where to start
Classes for 2-year-old children should begin with the development of hand motor skills. Buy blocks or construction sets and build towers and houses with your child. First, start with primitive figures; after a couple of days, the child will begin to assemble such structures on his own. Just don’t play silently, talk to your child all the time and show emotions. Say positive words and praise him.
Probably every mother notices that during this period children actively want to take part in household chores. Let them sweep on their own or give them a duster to wipe up dust. This is how you lay the initial foundation for understanding what help is. Always give your child the opportunity to help you, otherwise in the future you will have to force him to do house cleaning.
Sound environment
A good suggestion is to play with your baby to recognize sounds and surrounding space. You should listen carefully to the ticking of a clock, the buzzing of a fly, the noise of cars outside the window. When explaining to your child the origin of sounds, it is advisable to repeat them together. You can become the source of sound yourself: scratch your nails on the wall, glass, slam the door, cough, pretend what sounds pets make. By repeating after an adult, the child perceives less extraneous noise when going to bed and falling asleep.
Classes on studying the properties of objects
People encounter different things throughout their lives. And knowing their properties, it is easy to decide on their use. In order for a child to learn the properties of objects, they need to be memorized. Simultaneously with familiarization with the properties of objects, abstract thinking, touch and smell develop, and the baby learns comparison. The child learns the definitions of objects (wide - narrow, short - long, low - high); the sense of touch develops (smooth - rough, cold - hot, soft - hard); the sense of smell is improved (detecting differences in the smells and tastes of different products).
